WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL

INTRODUCTION
The primary means of communicating information of these days are voice and Internet. The unlimited accesses to Internet and sheer number of people connected to the Internet have made industry captain realize its potential. The industry now plans its marketing and communication strategies around the Internet. Today every banking to education, research to health-care is affected by it. E-mail is the way to communicate today. Practically who use the Internet uses E-mail. The wireless technologies and the Internet were growing separately. The wireless industry initially struggled within a number of issues like low bandwidth and low connection stability, to bring Internet to its users. They came together to form a common forum to tackle these issues. This forum is called the WAP.The wireless application protocol.

The Wireless Application Protocol is a standard developed by the WAP Forum, a group founded by Nokia, Ericsson, Phone.com (formerly Unwired Planet), and Motorola. The WAP Forum’s membership roster now includes computer industry heavyweights such as Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, and Intel along with several hundred other companies. According to the WAP Forum, the goals of WAP are to be:
• Independent of wireless network standard.
• Open to all.
• Proposed to the appropriate standards bodies.
• Scalable across transport options.
• Scalable across device types.
• Extensible over time to new networks and transports.

WAP defines a communications protocol as well as an application environment. In essence, it is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing. It sound similar to the World Wide Web. WAP is very similar to the combination of HTML and HTTP except that it adds in one very important feature: optimization for low-bandwidth, low-memory, and low-display capability environments. These types of environments include PDAs, wireless phones, pagers, and virtually any other communications device.
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a result of continuous work to define an industry-wide specification for developing applications that operate over wireless communication networks. The scope for the WAP Forum is to define market is growing very quickly and reaching new customers and providing new services. To enable operators and manufacturers to meet the challenges in advanced services, differentiation, and fast/flexible service creation, WAP defines a set of protocols in transport, session and application layers.

WIRELESS INTERNET TELEPHONY

INTRODUCTION

Internet Telephony can be defined as real time voice or mult-imedia communication over the internet or more generally over packet switched network. two telecommunication standardizations bodies are now used IP (session initiation protocol ) as basis to make wireless Internet telephony a reality in the context of third generation wireless telecom- munication network.Millions of highly mobile end-user who are frequently change their location will access Internet telephony services using wide range of wireless devices . Advances service anything that goes beyond two party call . It may or may not be related telephony like call diversion , call transfer, blend telephony etc.In wireless telephony end-user need to have to access these services from any terminal or from anywhere .this requirementis called universal access.

This paper presents the design ,the implementation , & the evaluation of an advanced service architecture for wireless Internet telephony.
The architecture relies on mobile agent that act as folder & carries services . Carrying services mobile agent raises the issue of agent upgrading when end-user subscribes or unsubscribes to service .mobile agent is software program whose main characteristics is ability to move from node to node on network during execution . The mobile agent provide universal access requirement with an efficient manner . They can relocate to new devices being used by end-user or the SIP proxy H.323 gatway that is close to the end-user. A mobile agent that we call MSA (mobile service agent) &there are also some important elements like Service Creation Unit , Service Management Unit & S - ervice Publication Unit .The SCU handles the creation of new services . The SMU manages user subscription creates and maintains MSAs. The service publication unit is the interface of the system to the external world and can be simple web server . our architecture tackles the issue by proposing and eval -uating two novel schemes :agent swapping and on-the fly updating . Althogh wireless Internet Telephony is our prime targrt ,the architecture is ,to a large extent ,independent of the lyiny network and therefore applicable to Internet telephony in general.

WAVELET TRANSFORMS

ABSTRACT

Practically all signals are non-stationary and are encountered with the problem of providing better time and frequency resolutions due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. This paper focuses on Wavelet Transform techniques, which are only a decade old and are providing better resolutions and time-frequency representation of the signals which the old Fourier Transform and revised Short Term Fourier Transform failed. This paper discusses the drawbacks of FT and STFT and how the Wavelet Transforms has overcome them, along with the vast fields of it’s applications.

VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL

INTRODUCTION

VoIP (voice over IP - that is, voice delivered using the Internet Protocol) is a term used in IP telephony for a set of facilities for managing the delivery of voice information using the Internet Protocol (IP). In general, this means sending voice information in digital form in discrete packets rather than in the traditional circuit-committed protocols of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). A major advantage of VoIP and Internet telephony is that it avoids the tolls charged by ordinary telephone service

VoIP is therefore telephony using a packet based network instead of the PSTN (circuit switched).

During the early 90's the Internet was beginning its commercial spread. The Internet Protocol (IP), part of the TCP/IP suite (developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to link dissimilar computers across many kinds of data networks) seemed to have the necessary qualities to become the successor of the PSTN.

The first VoIP application was introduced in 1995 - an "Internet Phone". An Israeli company by the name of "VocalTec" was the one developing this application. The application was designed to run on a basic PC. The idea was to compress the voice signal and translate it into IP packets for transmission over the Internet. This "first generation" VoIP application suffered from delays (due to congestion), disconnection, low quality (both due to lost and out of order packets) and incompatibility.

VocalTec's Internet phone was a significant breakthrough, although the application's many problems prevented it from becoming a popular product. Since this step IP telephony has developed rapidly. The most significant development is gateways that act as an interface between IP and PSTN networks.

VIRTUAL REALITY

ABSTRACT:

The term 'Virtual Reality' (VR) was initially coined by Jaron Lanier, founder of VPL Research (1989). Other related terms include 'Artificial Reality' (Myron Krueger, 1970s), 'Cyberspace' (William Gibson, 1984), and, more recently, 'Virtual Worlds' and 'Virtual Environments' (1990s).

The relationship between our actions and their perceivable results is ruled by what we call the laws of nature. It is general understanding that our actions act upon real objects, which react according to the laws of nature, what then can be perceived. Virtual Reality Facilities (VRFs) simulate the action perception relationship in a physically correct manner but without involving real objects or real events. Just the same do mathematical models of nature (physical theories). So it stands to reason that VRFs can be considered as analog models of nature.
If a physical theory is false its predictions cannot be verified. If a VRF were false we would have strange and unusual perceptions as if different laws of nature would be valid. It is suggesting to say that we would fail to survive in nature when using a false mathematical as well as a false analog model. So, an analog model of nature can be useful even if it is not 'true'.

Virtual Reality is an enabling technology that has wide applications in training, product design, etc. Virtual reality (VR) technology is being used to resolve problems in real-world situations. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is using VR to train astronauts to repair the Hubble Space Telescope.

In this talk, we present a brief introduction into Virtual Reality as a human centered interface technology.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDROPNEUMATIC SUSPENSION SYSTEMS

Abstract:

Every one of us might have seen the heavy trucks running on the roads. These vehicles have efforts on their axles very close to the allowed limits, mainly driving on rough roads or during cornering. In this case, the use of conventional suspension systems like those using McPherson Struts, Multi Link Suspension, Trailing Arm Suspension, 4- bar suspension etc. can increase the axle’s overload phenomena. Hydropneumatic suspension system, when used in these vehicles, takes an asset in providing a better load distribution per axle, decreasing the overload problem and thereby increasing the ride comfort. The well known problem of the damper co-efficient changes due to load variation in vehicles using conventional suspension system is even more observable when a hydropneumatic spring is applied due to its non linearity, as opposed to the several advantages this spring type brings. This problem is more emphasized in vehicles with a large mass range when they pass from a no load condition to a full load condition.

In this study, a Mathematical model of the hydropneumatic spring stiffness behaviour was developed. The various factors or parameters that influence the spring stiffness behaviour have been mathematically found out. Also in this paper, a methodology for primary specification of critical parameters of a hydropneumatic suspension system is presented.

TRANSPARENT SWITCHES

INTRODUCTION

A large communication network can be pictured as having two main parts: a transmission plant and switching facilities. The first transports traffic between network nodes, while second routs traffic over the transmission plant to get it from the source to destination. In recent years optical transmission technology has progressed very faster.

Transparent switches are the switches in which optical switches are routed without intermediate conversion into electronic form.

These switches are also called photonic or transparent switches .Of course these switches are cheap and capable of dealing with thousand of inputs and outputs that traditional electronic switches handle so well.

Several approaches are being explored for making these devices. These include array of tiny movable mirrors, known as microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS, and unit based on holographic crystal, liquid crystal total internal reflection and polarization dependent materials. The problem is to figure out which all-optical switching technology to use in what application. Optical switches are sometimes referred as O-O-O switches. Unlike O-E-O switches, present all optical switches are not capable of separately routing each of low data streams carried by a single input wavelength.